What is HPV Genotype PCR Testing?
HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is a virus that affects humans and is associated with various conditions. There are more than 100 types of HPV, with approximately 40 types known to be transmitted through sexual contact. These sexually transmitted HPV types are divided into two categories:
- Low-risk HPV: These types of HPV rarely cause diseases, and some may result in the development of genital warts or benign lesions in the mouth or throat.
- High-risk HPV (HrHPV): There are about 14 high-risk HPV types that have the potential to lead to cancer. The two most common high-risk types responsible for cervical cancer are HPV 16 and HPV 18, while the remaining types include 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68.
Low-risk HPV types typically do not require diagnostic testing, while high-risk HPV should be regularly screened, especially in women aged 30 and older. HPV genotype testing is a preferred method for high-risk HPV screening as it can identify the specific type of HPV causing the infection.
HPV genotype testing is performed by analyzing cervical cell samples to determine the presence of HPV. This test relies on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect specific HPV genotypes.
When is HPV Genotype PCR Testing Conducted?
The purpose of HPV testing is to detect the presence of the HPV virus. This test is performed in various scenarios:
- Cervical cancer screening: HPV is the primary cause of most cervical cancers. This test is used to monitor individuals infected with high-risk HPV types to detect and address any abnormalities that may progress to cancer.
- HPV testing following abnormal cervical cytology results: When a cervical smear test indicates abnormal results, HPV testing may be performed to determine if high-risk HPV types are present.
- Planning treatment for oropharyngeal cancer: Most oropharyngeal cancers are associated with HPV. Determining the presence of HPV in these cases is essential for planning appropriate treatment strategies, as the treatment approach for HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer may differ from that for other causes.
How is HPV Genotype PCR Testing Conducted?
How is HPV Genotype PCR Testing Conducted?
To perform the HPV genotype testing, the following steps are taken:
- The patient lies on an examination table with their feet in stirrups.
- A speculum is inserted into the vaginal opening to allow visualization of the cervix.
- A cervical cell sample is collected using a special instrument. Depending on the case, this sample can be used for both Pap and HPV testing, or two separate samples may be required.
- The samples are sent to a laboratory for analysis.
Following the completion of the test, patients can resume normal activities immediately. Test results are typically available within 1 to 3 weeks.
Preparation for HPV Genotype Testing
- Avoid undergoing HPV testing during menstruation; wait for 5-7 days after the last day of your period.
- Do not use tampons within two days before the test.
- Do not use vaginal medications or suppositories within two days before the test.
- Avoid douching within two days before the test.
- Refrain from sexual intercourse within two days before the test.
- It’s recommended to empty your bladder before the test for added comfort.
Who Should Undergo HPV Genotype PCR Testing?
The timing and frequency of HPV genotype testing for women depend on their age, health status, and previous cervical cancer screening history.
Women can be screened for cervical cancer through Pap smear testing, HPV testing, or a combination of both. HPV testing, in particular, is recommended for women aged 30-65 years, at least every 5 years, combined with Pap smear every 1-3 years.
Women under 30 years old may not require this test because HPV is prevalent among young individuals, and most infections clear up on their own. Changes in the cervix that may lead to cervical cancer often take many years to develop. HPV testing in young women may lead to unnecessary anxiety or confusion.
However, women at higher risk of cervical cancer may need earlier HPV testing or more frequent screening, including those who have:
- Previously had abnormal Pap smear results.
- Been diagnosed with precancerous cervical changes.
- A history of testing positive for HPV.
- A prior history of cervical cancer.
- HIV infection or other sexually transmitted diseases.
Interpreting the Results of HPV Genotype PCR Testing
Women Should Receive the HPV Vaccine to Prevent Cervical Cancer
The results of HPV genotype testing can reveal whether a patient is infected with a high-risk HPV strain. This result doesn’t confirm that a person has cervical cancer, but it serves as a warning sign.
Based on the HPV test results, the doctor will consider the cervical cell test results, risk factors, age, and medical history to determine the current and future risk of cervical cancer. Subsequently, the doctor will recommend additional tests or appropriate treatment and monitoring.
Depending on the specific case, the next steps you may need to take could include:
- Observation: Repeat the HPV test in one year if the HPV test is positive, but the Pap test is normal. Repeat the HPV test every five years if it’s negative or as recommended by the doctor.
- Colposcopy: This procedure involves examining the cervix using a magnifying instrument and is often recommended if the Pap test results are abnormal.
- Biopsy: This procedure involves examining abnormal tissue samples, often performed along with colposcopy if abnormal tissue is found.
- Treatment to remove precancerous cells or treat cervical cancer.
HPV can take many years, even decades, to progress to cervical cancer. Regular cervical cancer screening is essential for detecting abnormal cervical cell changes before they become malignant. All women aged 9-26 should receive the HPV vaccine, and starting at age 30, they should undergo regular HPV testing.
